视错觉 引人心神向往

作者idodo

神奇的视错觉，总能引人心神向往。

视觉错不但有趣，更是富有哲学意味。它们会以一种清晰而明确的方式向人类展示，我们并非直接感知周围的世界。知觉，说白了就是一种经过“心理模型”加工后的体验，它不总是与其旨在描绘的现实相对应。

斯凯蓝咖啡馆墙壁的错觉

这个错觉是由艺术家维多利亚·斯凯(Victoria Skye)所创造的，也是2017年最佳错觉大赛的参赛作品之一。

图源：Victoria Skye

信不信由你，图中每一条水平线都是完全互相平行的。要证明这一点，你只需要斜视或者从侧面入视图像。

五彩纸屑

这是芒克-怀特错觉（Munker White’s illusion，是一种光学戏法，主要表现在黑白灰色）的变种，由David Novick创作。其实图像中每一个圆圈的颜色都是相同的，唯一不同的只有圆圈周围线条的颜色。

图源：David Novick

这种错觉生动地向我们证明了，我们并非直接感知周围事物的颜色。相反，感知系统会基于物体周围环境进行一些有根据的“推测”。

涛浪错觉

这看上去，可能像动图，但事实并非如此。这种运动的感觉其实产自我们的大脑。

Akiyoshi Kitaoka

图中黄色斑点的阴影和排列顺序触发了我们大脑的运动区域。这让一个本来静态的图片，却刺激产生了运动的知觉。更有趣的是，大约有5%的人对这种错觉是免疫的。

倾斜的道路的错觉

这两张照片看上去就像是两个不同角度拍摄下的一条道路。但实际上，这两张照片是一模一样的。

Daniel Picon

显然，视觉系统将这两张照片看成了两条彼此独立的道理。图像中两条道路是彼此平行。因为现实生活里中的真实道路，两两之间必然会有强的倾斜度。这也是为什么视觉系统会作这样的推论。

亮度错觉

这个设计来自视错觉大师 Akiyoshi Kitaoka。

在试图理解这个动态影像时，我们的视觉系统会感知到，一块灰色方块从移动到明亮区，再移动到黑暗区。在明亮区看方块，本身灰色的方块会变更暗。相反，当在黑暗区看方块，方块就会变得更加明亮。我们的感知系统就是这样根据周围环境推断明暗深浅的。

你的大脑在幕后做了非常多的加工——远超乎你的想象！

动态的艾宾浩斯错觉

这是一个屡屡能骗过大脑的错觉，但实际上橙色圆圈根本没有改变过尺寸。

与颜色和亮度一样，我们甚至不能直接感知物体的大小。感知系统会基于我们感知数据中的线索（包括目标物附近物体的相对大小）来推断它们的大小。

动态的穆勒-莱尔错觉

这是我看过的最棒的视觉错图。蓝线和红线的长度都是一样的，并且都处于同一水平线上。所有线段既没有移动，尺寸也没有任何改变，运动的只有两段的箭头。

图源：Gianni A. Sarcone

这个设计是穆勒-莱尔（ Müller-Lyer ）错觉的一个升级版。而关于原版的穆勒-莱尔错觉是如何工作的，目前还没有人能给出百分百确定的答案。此外，这种错觉是某种特定文化影响下的特殊现象，还是适用于全人类，也存在着不小的争议*。

原版的穆勒-莱尔错觉，a线段和b线段本身一样长，但我们总会认为b比a长

有意思的发现：有研究发现生活在高度工业化国家的大多数儿童（日常生活中充斥着大量由水平直线和直角组成的现代建筑环境），会认为b线段比a线段长。而没有生活在工业化环境的人类，如非洲桑人和其他小规模狩猎采集社群等，他们的大脑就不会受这一错觉影响，会认为a线段与b线段一样长。

火车错觉

你可以用你的意念，改变火车的方向……通过多次练习你甚至可以越来越娴熟地操控火车。

知觉通常能超越感官所提供的证据。在这个例子里，感官能提供的证据是相对稀少的，因此出现了两种似是而非的解释：火车即将到来或者火车正在开走。所以我们可以选择任一种方式看待这辆火车。

旋转环

这张图片让很多人都手足无措，视线每次从红点切换到黄点，又或者从黄点切换到红点，两个旋转环总会向相反的方向旋转。

这种错觉利用了我们对从视野中心与从外围观看运动物体时的两种不同感知方式。

旋转的女舞者

这是我最喜欢的视错觉图之一。如果你把视线落在左边与中间的女舞者身上，中间的女舞者是按顺时针旋转的。如果你把视线落在右边与中间的女舞者身上，中间的女舞者则开始按逆时针旋转。

这个视错觉与火车错觉是一样的，秘诀都在于图像能提供信息的含糊不同:它可以被解释为再任一方向旋转的舞者。相比之下，左右两侧的舞者则包含了更多的细节，这些细节可使我们倾向于认为两边舞者在做某一方向的旋转。这种带有倾向性的解读会引导我们对中间那个旋转方向未知的舞者的感知。

星月夜

盯着上面图片的中心30秒钟，然后再看下面梵高的星月夜，原本静止的画面会动起来。

这是动作后效（Motion aftereffect）的一个例子。当你盯着这个动态漩涡看时，你的视觉系统就会对这一可预测的运动作补偿，好让你就更快忽略这种动态刺激。

但是，当你将目光切换至静止画面时，系统还是会不断地作与前面一样的补偿动作。而此时，原本的动态漩涡已经不存在了，你对运动的感知已发生了错误。所以，静止的星月夜便以与漩涡相反的方向开始流转。

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